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es5.d.ts

Partial

将对象类型 T 的所有属性都设置为可选属性

ts
/**
 * Make all properties in T optional
 */
type Partial<T> = {
  [P in keyof T]?: T[P];
}
/**
 * Make all properties in T optional
 */
type Partial<T> = {
  [P in keyof T]?: T[P];
}

Required

将对象类型 T 的所有属性都设置为必选属性

ts
/**
 * Make all properties in T required
 */
type Required<T> = {
  [P in keyof T]-?: T[P];
}
/**
 * Make all properties in T required
 */
type Required<T> = {
  [P in keyof T]-?: T[P];
}

Readonly

将对象类型 T 的所有属性都设置为只读

ts
/**
 * Make all properties in T readonly
 */
type Readonly<T> = {
  readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P];
}
/**
 * Make all properties in T readonly
 */
type Readonly<T> = {
  readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P];
}

Pick

从对象类型 T 中选择指定的属性 K 构造新的类型

ts
/**
 * From T, pick a set of properties whose keys are in the union K
 */
type Pick<T, K extends keyof T> = {
  [P in K]: T[P];
}
/**
 * From T, pick a set of properties whose keys are in the union K
 */
type Pick<T, K extends keyof T> = {
  [P in K]: T[P];
}

Record

该类型包含由指定键类型 K 映射到指定值类型 T 的一组属性

ts
/**
 * Construct a type with a set of properties K of type T
 */
type Record<K extends keyof any, T> = {
  [P in K]: T;
}
/**
 * Construct a type with a set of properties K of type T
 */
type Record<K extends keyof any, T> = {
  [P in K]: T;
}

Exclude

从类型 T 中排除可以赋值给类型 U 的子类型

ts
/**
 * Exclude from T those types that are assignable to U
 */
type Exclude<T, U> = T extends U ? never : T

type NumberOrString = number | string;
type ExcludeNumber = Exclude<NumberOrString, number>;

const value: ExcludeNumber = 'Hello';
/**
 * Exclude from T those types that are assignable to U
 */
type Exclude<T, U> = T extends U ? never : T

type NumberOrString = number | string;
type ExcludeNumber = Exclude<NumberOrString, number>;

const value: ExcludeNumber = 'Hello';

Extract

从类型 T 中提取可以赋值给类型 U 的子类型

ts
/**
 * Extract from T those types that are assignable to U
 */
type Extract<T, U> = T extends U ? T : never
/**
 * Extract from T those types that are assignable to U
 */
type Extract<T, U> = T extends U ? T : never

Omit

从类型 T 中删除指定的属性 K

ts
/**
 * Construct a type with the properties of T except for those in type K.
 */
type Omit<T, K extends keyof any> = Pick<T, Exclude<keyof T, K>>
/**
 * Construct a type with the properties of T except for those in type K.
 */
type Omit<T, K extends keyof any> = Pick<T, Exclude<keyof T, K>>

never

never 表示那些永远不会发生的类型。它通常用于表示不可能到达的代码路径或抛出异常的函数

  • 当一个函数抛出异常或者总是返回错误时,它的返回类型可以被推断为 never
  • never 是所有类型的子类型,这意味着可以将 never 类型赋值给其他类型,但不能将其他类型赋值给 never
  • never 类型的变量无法具体化为其他类型,因为它表示不可能的情况
ts
function throwError(): never {
  throw new Error('An error occurred.');
}

let errorValue: never;
errorValue = throwError(); // Valid
errorValue = 'Hello'; // Error
function throwError(): never {
  throw new Error('An error occurred.');
}

let errorValue: never;
errorValue = throwError(); // Valid
errorValue = 'Hello'; // Error

unknown

表示未知类型,它用于表示一个值的类型是不确定的情况,或者在编写通用代码时需要处理多种类型的值

  • unknown 类型的变量只能赋值给 any 类型或 unknown 类型本身
  • 在使用 unknown 类型的变量之前,需要进行类型检查或类型断言来确定其具体类型,才能进行相应的操作
  • 所有类型都是 unknown 的子类型,所有类型都可以赋值给 unknown 类型
ts
let unknownValue: unknown;
let stringValue: string;

stringValue = unknownValue; // Error: Type 'unknown' is not assignable to type 'string'.
unknownValue = stringValue; // Valid
let unknownValue: unknown;
let stringValue: string;

stringValue = unknownValue; // Error: Type 'unknown' is not assignable to type 'string'.
unknownValue = stringValue; // Valid

any

any 表示任意类型。它可以表示任何类型的值,就像在普通 JavaScript 中一样

  • any 类型的变量可以赋值给任何类型的变量,也可以接收任何类型的赋值
  • any 类型的变量可以直接进行任何操作,如函数调用、属性访问等,无需进行类型检查
  • any 类型是 TypeScript 中最不安全的类型,因为它取消了类型检查的大部分好处,可能导致运行时的错误